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The sanitary status of a colony is usually evaluated by a general health examination of the animals and identification of ectoparasites, as well as by additional laboratory tests such as a complete hemogram, platelet count and detection of endoparasites6,24,27,48.

Among the most common endoparasites reported in the feline population throughout the world there are Cytauxzoon spp., Babesia spp., Haemobarionella fells (Clark 1942) Kreier & Ristic 1984 (Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis)32 and Dirofilaria iinmitis (Leidy 1856). Once infected with Cytauxzoon spp., Babesia spp. or Haemobartonellafelis, the cats become persistently parasitized29,45. Wild fclids, considered natural reservoirs of the parasite Cytauxzoonfelis (Liedy 1979), rarely manifest the disease. On the contrary, in the domestic cat as far as it is known, the disease takes an acute and fatal course18,29,45. Representatives of the genus Babesia spp. are found parasitizing erythrocytes and, although, the species of tick responsible for the transmission of feline babesiosis is ignored, transmission is believed to occur mainly through inoculation of sporozoites during a blood meal of ixodide ticks34,46. D. iinmitis in felines leads to acute and generally fatal disease, but which also can follow an asymptomatic course. The species H. felis, highly pleomorphic, seems to be transmitted naturally by hematophagous arthropods, mainly fleas, or through injuries caused by bites or through blood transfusion10,15,47.

Cats are susceptible to infection by a variety of viruses of different families. The viruses of the family Rctroviridae cause persistent infection, in general chronic disease and are directly transmissible. The feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), causes a variety of diseases, including highly malignant neoplasias2,14,22,25,28,42. Its transmission occurs through pacific or non-pacific cohabitation of infected and susceptible cats. The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), causes various signals and symptoms, always associated with opportunistic infections9,19,20. FIV as well as FeLV is eliminated in the saliva, its transmission however occurs mainly through injuries caused by bites. As territorial disputes always involve much fighting, especially among males, the higher frequency of these infections in males is ascribed to this behavior49,50. While the diagnosis of infections caused by FIV is made by detection of antibodies, the diagnosis of FeLV is made by detection of viral antigens in the blood, in general using ELISA35. The detection of antibodies to FIV indicates previous exposition and infection and, as the infection is persistent, it also indicates that the animal is and will remain infected12. The prevalence of retroviruses in populations of stray cats in Brazil is unknown and reports in the international literature are scarce. In Africa, the prevalence of FcLV antigens was of 26%1. In Europe, on the other hand, the prevalence of antibodies to FIV varied from zero to 89%50, in the United States it ranged between 25% and 27%50 and in Japan it was of 40%16.

Zoological gardens attempt to avoid the presence of domestic cats but even in those zoos where great efforts are employed to keep cats away, the offer of food and shelter attracts these potential transport hosts of pathogens39. Unavoidable as they are, domestic cats are a problem with which the Rio de Janeiro Zoo has been dealing for years and for this reason it was decided to design a model allowing a healthy cohabitation with the animals in exhibition. The first step in this direction is to know the profile of the feline population studying its composition and health conditions, which is the subject of this paper.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This work was carried out in the Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden, situated at Quinta da Boa Vista, So Cristvo, northern district of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Cats were captured from 7:00 to 10:30 AM and from 4:00 to 8:00 PM for six days, by six people using nets and traps. Captures were done at every 10 days during June and July, 2001.

The captured cats were sedated using a combination of ketamine (Vetaset Lab. Fort Dodge Sade Animal Ltda.) in a dose of 10 mg/kg and xylazine (Rompum Lab. Bayer do Brasil .) in a dose of 2 mg/kg, intramuscularly. After sedation, the animals were marked by subcutaneous application of microchips (Friendchip AVID) at the interscapular region. The animals were photographed and the photos attached to their individual records containing their biological data (gender, age, weight, coat-markings and color). They were submitted to a general health evaluation and examination for the presence of ectoparasites and alterations of the mucosae. The age was estimated as younger than six months or older than six months, based on the dentition". For their welfare all of the animals received a pouvaient vaccine for panlcukopcnia, calicivirosis, rhinotracheitis and chlamydiosis (Felocell CVR-C Lab. Pfizer), one dose of antirabies vaccine (RabisinI Lab. Merial) and one application of sclamectine (Revolution Lab. Pfizer). A blood sample was collected by femoral or jugular venopunclion for a complete hcmogram and for detection ofretroviroses and D. immitis by ELISA (SNAP Combo Lab. IDEXX, Maine, USA). Two smears of the first drop of capillary blood of each animal were stained with GIEMSA and examined for hemoparasites by optical microscopy. The animals were transferred to the population control program and afterwards released to their original sites.

Census was taken during June and July 2001, using mark-recapture method estimated by Lincoln-Peterscn index43.

The statistical method applied to the health tests was the ^sup 2^ proof, considering the 47 captured cats by significance analyses of differences between the variables determined with contingency tables. The contingency coefficient (C) was used for verifying the level of association between the characteristics. The proof of significance of C was performed and the significance level was fixed at 93%41,44. Significance analyses of different means was performed by Student's t Test.

RESULTS

A total of 47 cats were captured at the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden and all animals were considered in the analyses of the biological data.

Among the different coat markings and colors found were pointed tabby, 32% (15/47), followed by solid black, 17% (8/47), tabby mackerel % (7/47), tabby bicolor % (6/47), torbie % (5/47) and bicolor % (5/47). Only one cat was harlequin (%). The greater part of cats weighed between 2 and kg (70%). The less heavy adult cat weighed kg and the heaviest kg (x = kg 1) (Table 1).

In the general health examination no alterations of the mucosac or signs and symptoms of the diseases under study were found in any of the cats. The only ectoparasite found infesting the animals were fleas, which were present in 28% of the captured animals.

The hemoparasitcs found infecting the cats were the piroplasmas Cytauxzoon spp./Babesia spp. (47%) and Haemobarlonellafelis (38%). No animal was found with antigenemia of D. iininitis or with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), although antibodies to the acquired immunodeficiency virus (FlV) were detected (21%). Four males (25%) and six females ( 19%) presented antibodies to FlV. Although the males were showing higher seroprevalence as compared to the females, the difference was not significant (C = ; p = ) (Table 2).

Hematimetry displayed normal values in most cats. In one animal hematimetric evaluation was impossible. The values were normal in 87% of animals (40/46) and low in 13% (6/46). The mean value was + million/mm^sup 3^. Hcmatocrit was normal in 98% of cats (45/46) and one cat was anemic. The mean value was % ( ). Most cats (83%) presented erythrocytes of normal volume (x = fl) and the mean globular hemoglobin concentration (MGHC) was normal in 77% of animals (27/35) and low in 23% (8/35) (x = ). In samples of 11 animals the mean globular hemoglobin concentration could not be evaluated due to technical failure. Hematocrit, mean globular volume (MGV) and MGHC data could not be submitted to statistical evaluation, since the test conditions were not met.

Platelet counts ranged within the reference values in 95% of cats (44/46) and were low in 4% (2/46). The average value was 317552 platelets/mm^sup 3^ ( 123201). Due to the high variability of normal values, the platelet count results could not be submitted to statistical evaluation.

Global leukocyte counts showed normal values in 76% of cats (35/46), increased values in 24% (11/46) and the average value was 15439 cells/mm^sup 3^ ( 4625). The mean value of eosinophils was 895 cells/mm^sup 3^ (795); of segmented neutrophils 11162 cells/mm^sup 3^ ( 3879); lymphocytes 2946 cells/mm^sup 3^ ( 1307) and monocytes 320 cells/mm^sup 3^ ( 246).

For estimating the total population only 42 animals were considered, seen that five could only be captured after the period established for marking and recapture. In the capture phase 25 cats were captured and 29 during recapture, 17 of them for the first time and 12 recaptured. Using the Lincoln-Petersen formula with a confidence interval of 95%, the population estimate was of 59 cats. Applying the percentages of females, males and age ranges observed in the captured population to the total estimate population (59), it was possible to infer that between June and July 2001 there were 31 adult females (53%), 18 adult males (30%), eight female (13%) and two male (4%) kittens lived in the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden. Thus, the total of 47 captured cats is a representative sample (80%) of the total population and all animals were considered in the analyses of the biological data.

DISCUSSION

Adult males were heavier than adult females as confirmed by the comparisons between gender and weight, which were significant. Four different coat markings were found: four types of tabby, two with two different colors and one of solid color. Most cats were tabby, which is the original marking of the species and still prevails in the population.

The infections by H. felis, Cytauxzoon spp./Babesia spp. on the contrary to what was expected, could not be correlated with infestation by their vectors (fleas and ixodide ticks)10,18,34,46,47. The fact that infections by Cytauxzoon spp./Babesia spp. and by H. felis showed paradox behavior suggests that further studies will be necessary for better elucidating susceptibility to and form of transmission of these parasites.

The presence of antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) did not render the cats more susceptible to the other infections under study. On the contrary, animals, carriers of FIV were less infected by piroplasmas and H. felis. Both FIV and H. felis are immunosuppressors4,12 and as such should render the cats more susceptible to other infections, a fact that was not observed. It is noteworthy that no signals or symptoms associated with the immunodeficiency syndrome were observed in any of the studied animals suggesting that they were in the latent phase of infection37 and thus their immunity was preserved. One female kitten presented antibodies to FIV but, although having been considered as infected animal in the terms of this study, the animal could be merely a carrier of antibodies of maternal origin12,37.

Although some cats (38%) were found infected by erythrocyte parasites (H. felis), the results of the red blood cell counts of the greater part of cats ranged within the parameters normal for the species17. Piroplasma and FIV infections can also alter the values of the crythrogram, such alterations however are generally associated with clinical symptoms2,29. The studied cats were apparently healthy and probably the diagnosis of the infections occurred at a moment of balance between infection and host, which was reflected by the erythrogram and turned it impossible to correlate the rare alterations found with the diagnosed infections or any of the other studied features.

The study of the population of domestic cats living in the zoo of Rio de Janeiro showed that the estimated population was mainly composed by adult cats and, with regard to the gender, females. It is noteworthy that none of the animals infected by piroplasmas (Cytauxzoon spp./Babesia spp.), H. felis or FIV presented clinical signs.

The total of 47 captured cats is a representative sample (80%) of the total estimated population (59), reflecting the great capture effort and therefore showing that health parameters are representative of the population.

The most frequent gender in the population was female (66%), the greater part in reproductive age (53%). The total female population was approximately the double of the male population, a fact that, although there seem to be no rules and different proportions of males and females have been reported7,21,24,52, has not been described before.

Analysis of the population based on the age showed a small number of kittens (17%) in comparison to adults (83%). This composition suggests high infant mortality associated with natural migration of the young, especially males, and with the fact of kittens being frequently adopted by people21,31,52. This fact suggests that the stray cat population under study, needs a neutering program associated with measures to control introduction of adult animals either by natural migration or abandonment by the human population. A program for controlling this population should therefore restrict the availability of food and shelter and guarantee neutering procedures that preserve the social structure of the cat population so that the behavior of the animals would discourage migration of adult animals into the colony. It is noteworthy that pathogens found infecting at the Rio de Janeiro zoological garden are unknown to threat human health, care dispensed to stray cats in public areas reduce zoonotic risk, especially of rabies. Furthermore, a cared for stray cat population certainly contributes to a good relationship between those animals and people, with a strong and healthy bond.

RESUMO

Condies sanitrias de uma colnia urbana de gatos (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) cm um jardim zoolgico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

As condies sanitrias e composio populacional de uma colnia de gatos urbanos, errantes, habitantes do zoolgico do Rio de Janeiro foram estudadas, objetivando-se um programa de contrle populacional e sanitrio. Capturou-se o maior nmero de indivduos possvel durante dois meses (47 animais). Os animais capturados foram examinados quanto ao gnero, idade, peso, pelagem, inspeo geral e presena de ectoparasitas e eram encaminhados a um programa de esterilizao cirurgica. Cada animal teve uma amostra de sangue colhida para realizao de hemograma completo, plaquetometria, pesquisa de hemoparasitas e de retrovirus. As marcaes e cores de pelagem encontradas foram "tabby" (70%), prta (17%); bicolor (11%) e arlequim (2%). A presena de pulgas foi observada em 28% dos animais. Os hemoparasitas encontrados foram Haemobartonella felis (38%) e piroplasmas indistinguiveis entre Cytauxzoon spp. e Babesia spp. (47%). Nenhum dos gatos foi cncontrado com antigenemia de Diwfdaria immitis ou do virus da leucemia felina (FeLV), embora anticorpos contra ? virus da imunodeficincia felina (FIV) tenham sido detectados (21%). No houve correlao entre infeco por FIV e hemoparasitas. A populao total estimada (mtodo de captura-recaptura) foi de 59 gatos, sendo 68% fmcas e 32% machos. Os resultados sugerem que um programa de esterilizao cirurgica de fato necessrio.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Hannis Sttodard and William Mckee for the support, Christiane Pflegshrl for the critical translation of the manuscript.

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Received: 5 September 2003

Accepted: 25 August 2004

Klavya MENDES-DE-ALMEIDA(1), Maria Carolina Eerrcira FARIA(2), Aline Serricella BRANCO(2), Maria Lucia SERRAO(3), Aline Moreira SOUZA(2), Ndia ALMOSNY(2), Mrcia CHAME(4) & Norma LABARTHE(2)

(1) Fundao RIOZOO, Pq. Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, 20940-040 So Cristvo, RJ, Brasil.

(2) Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, 24230-340 Santa Rosa, Niteroi, RJ, Brasil.

(3) Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km 47 da antiga rodovia Rio-So Paulo (BR-465), Seropdica, RJ, Brasil.

(4) Escola Nacional de Sade Publica, ENSP/Fiocruz, Leopoldo Bulhes 1480, 21240-210 Manguinhos, RJ, Brasil.

Correspondence to: Flavya Mendes-de-Almeida, Rua Triunfo 20, Santa Teresa, 20240-320 Rio de Janeiro. E-mail: .br

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